Scientific and technological development
Many ancient culture were fascinated with the movement of heavenly bodies because people thought that they exerted influence on earthly events.The ancients carefully observed astral rhythms and computed how the seasons fit this schedule.Sumer,one of the earliest Mesopotamian cities,left behind the first calender by 2700 B.C.E.
China had developed a calender system very similar to the modern by 1400 B.C.E.In Central America the Maya developed an amazingly accurate calendar that could Predict eclipses and planetary conjunctions mirrored the modern way the calculating years.
Based on commonly accepted the events like birth of Christ.Dionysius Exiguus invented current dating system.
Metal Forging
Copper smelting began in Catal Huyuk(Earliest city excavated,Found in modern day Turkey.Before the Bronze age,However the people in northern Thailand were the first to make Bronze around 4000 B.C.E.The first bronze foundation in China developed around 2200 B.C.E.Crafspeople among the hittites of western Asia Perfected iron making for their weapons 1200 B.C.E.,Iron work was also known in Central Africa.
The Iron age reached china by 500 B.C.E.Being cheaper to produce than bronze,Iron should found widespread use in war and farming.The Chinese began casting iron a thousand years before European did.At about same they began to cast iron the Chinese also began to make steel.
Researchers have recently uncovered a Chinese belt buckle made of aluminium showing that they began to refine this metal some 1500 years before Europeans.In the andes area gold smelting,use largely for jewellery, developed around 200 B.C.E.After 600 B.C.E. Western Hemisphere cultures also began to smelt silver and copper but never processed iron or bronze.Rubber was first found among the Chavin Culture of the Andes around 1100 B.C.E.
Scientific tools and speculations
People of the near East were the first to developed writting.They used papyrus,animal skins and clay tablets.The earliest surviving writting in China was found incised on animal bones and turtle shells and cast into bronze vessels.The Chinese invented paper around the beginning of the common Era,much cheaper medium than silk and less cumbersome than clay tablets and metal.
Western civilization made strong contributions to the speculative disciplines of Mathematics and sciences.The abacus was invented in the near East around 3000 B.C.E.,an indication of fascination for numbers , mathematics and the Famous Scientist include Pythagoras(500 B.C.E)who,in addition to figuring out useful thing related to triangles, developed both scientific and eccentric theories about the physical universe.
Euclid(300 B.C.E)is still studied today for his insights in geometry and his theory profited another Greek mathematician,Aristarchus who computed distance between the sun and moon 280 B.C.E.Archimedes in turn figured out pi and invented such a simple machines as the lever and the pulley.
Greek astronomers also made observation and deductions that were unparalleled Galileo during European Renaissance.
Chinese mathematicians were first to use exponential formula, scientific notation and utilized several other innovations:the magnetic compass, negative numbers and north-south,east-west parellels in maps.
Industry and Medicines
Two civilization use the wheel to advantage in their development.They were sumer(3000 B.C.E) and and Shang Dystany in China(1700 B.C.E).One Practical application of the wheel is the Wheelbarrow, Invented by Chinese in the first century C.E.Other Wheel of great benefits but unrelated to Transportation were the potter’s wheel.Found in Mesopotamia as early as 3500 B.C.E. and the Water Wheel.A technology of Hydrology invented around 500 B.C.E.The Wheel was not use transportation in the western hemisphere.
The Chinese have a long and venerable history of homeopathy and natural remedies in health care.Acupuncture started in China(2500 B.C.E).The mesoamericans are known to acquired a vast knowledge of medicinal use of plants.Chroniclers in the new world listed some 1200 indigenous medical plants that sprang from native treatments and traditions.
The Greek world is known for its well published and imitated physicians,as well as remedies for ailments.The famous Greek physician Hippocrates wrote Corpus Hippocraticum(400 B.C.E)a textbooks for medical doctors.Other Greek physician of Note included Erasistratus of chips who explained heart valves(250 B.C.E) and galen(Third century C.E)Whose medical writting provided advised for centuries to come.
History Knowledge 